I-nobukumkani kwi-landula yindlela eqhelekileyo uhlobo
Ifomu karhulumente ufumana ithuba elisetyenziswa uthotho ezopolitiko amaziko ukuba isetyenziselwa ukulungiselela lizwe lethu ukuba enforce amagunya ayo phezu uluntu politics (Kopstein kwaye Lichbach, amashumi amabini)Ifomu karhulumente kwaye ezopolitiko inkqubo lizwe lethu kusenokuba umahlule kwi eziliqela amaqela, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-Nobukumkani, derived ukusuka isigrike monos, oko kuthetha ukuba omnye, kwaye archein oko kuthetha ukuthi urhulumente. Nobukumkani yi uhlobo karhulumente apho Ukumkani waba Intloko State. Nobukumkani okanye inkqubo karhulumente yobukumkani ingaba oldest indlela ehlabathini.
Uninzi nobukumkani formerly saziwa nge-igama hereditary
Garner kuchazwe wonke urhulumente apho kusetyenziswa amandla end okanye owona kwi yabasebenzi okanye umntu, tampa jonga imvelaphi ezisisiseko iimpahla ukhetho kwaye deadline kuba yakhe ngeposi ke lowo nobukumkani. Enye imbono asserts, nobukumkani yintando okanye isigqibo umntu abathi ekugqibeleni isicelo kuyo yonke imicimbi ngaphakathi urhulumente.
Jellinek asserts i-nobukumkani yindlela yolawulo iya omnye yesitalato kwaye emphasize ukuba iimpawu engundoqo iimpahla nobukumkani ingaba competence, bonisa supreme amandla Urhulumente.
Ekuqaleni ixesha, kukho phezu alithoba amaqhekeza aye itrone yobukumkani ehlabathini, kodwa kwehla ku amaqhekeza aye kwi-th century.
Ngexesha kwi-decade ye-kelapan ye-th century, kuphela amashumi amane-kwetrone ingaba? apho. Ezi, kuphela ezine amazwe kuba ukumkani okanye nobukumkani elililo, nakwi-ngu limited inkqubo-siseko. Umahluko phakathi ukumkani kunye ngumongameli njengentloko yesigqeba urhulumente ngu ukumkani abe intloko urhulumente kulo lonke ubomi bakhe, xa umongameli idla ibamba eli indawo kuba ethile ngokwe xesha. Kodwa amazwe ye-federation of Malaysia, ukumkani okanye agong kuphela amandla iminyaka emihlanu kwaye izakubuyiselwa ngazo ukumkani lizwe lomnye kwi-communion. Kule mini kwaye ubudala, ingcamango ka-elililo nobukumkani ngu-phantse akukho ixesha elide kukho kwaye uninzi ngabo a-siseko nobukumkani, oko kukuthi, ngukumkani limited bakhe amandla ngumgaqo-siseko. I-nobukumkani kanjalo jonga umntu okanye iziko enxulumene Ukumkani okanye ubukumkani apho ukumkani usebenza njengoko oyintloko oluphezulu. Yesininzi nobukumkani okanye kwi-isixhosa Elective Nobukumkani, umahluko kunye ingcamango yenkqu ukumkani. Ngomhla wakhe habit kakumkani ukuba ingaba ilifa kwetrone (hereditary monarchies). Kodwa kwindlela kuluntu nobukumkani, ukumkani ke kwetrone iya kuba ujikeleziso-tshintsha phakathi ezininzi i-sultan. Malaysia umzekelo, amanqaku amabini iindlela, umzekelo ubukumkani a-siseko ne-democratic nobukumkani. Uninzi amazwe, ukumkani yi uphawu ka-continuity kwaye sovereignty lizwe. Ukongeza, ukumkani ngu-sihlalo we-inkolo ngokunjalo i-mikhosi yokulwa yamanifayithi oyintloko we-armed imikhosi kwimo. Umzekelo, kwi-Malaysia, yang di-Pertuan Agong yintloko Islamic inkolo, njengoko kingdom kwaye amazwe phantsi yayo umthunzi, Queen Elizabeth II yi-sihlalo we-Christian inkolo i-Anglican.
Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha langoku zikholisa ukuba indima njengoko-sihlalo we-inkolo kuphela amakhonkco.
Ukongeza ukumkani, zininzi iintlobo intloko apho urhulumente sele intsimi ngakumbi libanzi-ranging amagunya njengoko emperor kwaye Caliph. I-nobukumkani babe nje icalulwe njengoko kwetrone ngu hereditary kwaye elective. Kwaye ubomi i-nobukumkani ngu hereditary oko sele ezininzi uphawu. Nobukumkani ala kuza ezantsi ilifa kwetrone ngokungqinelana nomgaqo-umqathango wama-yesithili ka-jika ezithile. I-ziindlalifa zobukumkani ka-oyena mdala indoda idla uba ukumkani, ukubuyisela indawo ukumkani okanye eyiyeyakhe uyise. I-uthotho commutation unako kanjalo kubonelelwa yi-siseko okanye ngumthetho isenzo ka-yowiso-mthetho.
Miqathango kufuneka ezahlukeneyo indlela ezahlukeneyo Amazwe jikelele ehlabathini. I empire Roman owokuqala adheres ukuba voters ye-campus.
Ukususela medieval-siseko nobukumkani elective itshintshile kwaye akuvumelekanga ukuba i-ihlale ngexesha elingelilo lokuhlala nto. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhamba ixesha kwi-phinda ka - nobukumkani ala elective amava utshintsho ngakulo nobukumkani ala hereditary.
Garner uqwalasela england njengoko nobukumkani waba elective, ngenxa yokuba parlement demanding kwaye isebenzisa umthetho regulates elililo uthotho i-jika.
I-nobukumkani unako kanjalo icalulwe njengoko elililo kwaye unlimited. Garner kuchazwe elililo nobukumkani ngu nobukumkani ke nyani ukumkani. Intando yakhe ngumthetho ngokubhekiselele zonke izinto ukuba zikho. Akanguye zibotshiwe okanye enomda yi-nantoni na ngaphandle kwelakhe volition. Phantsi le nkqubo urhulumente kwaye urhulumente ikhangeleka identical. Louis XIV ukumkani Lizwe ka-France kuchazwe arrogantly ukuba"ndinguye urhulumente. Oku kanye inkcazelo indawo nobukumkani ukuba ligama elililo. Tsart ka-Russia, Ukumkani wama-England kwaye emperor ye-Ottomans ngu umzekelo nobukumkani ukuba ligama elililo. A limited nobukumkani inamagunya limited ngumgaqo-siseko kwathiwa, okanye nge kwalomgaqo-siseko umthetho-siseko we-unwritten, ezifana monarchical British state. Nobukumkani kwi-Uk kuphela limited igama kuphela yolawulo ukumkani kukuthi alawule kodwa hayi umthetho. Amandla okanye igunya yi inkumbulo kunjalo, kodwa urhulumente ebelikhokelwa enye. I-nobukumkani kwi-japan kanjalo limited Apho emperor nampumelelo naliphi na igunya urhulumente. ngoko ke, yena wachaza ukumkani yi uphawu Yombuso kwaye umanyano ye abantu' kwi-real evakalayo, nobukumkani oko kukuthi limited nje ifomu karhulumente ukuba lwentando yesininzi. Ezi zinto zilandelayo kukho amazwe ehlabathini ukuba adheres inkqubo karhulumente yomgaqo-Siseko Nobukumkani a limited Nobukumkani. Springkler ndlela osetyenziselwa extinguish umlilo kwi yokwakha. Springkler uza ngokuzenzekelayo isijamani xa kukho umlilo ukuba kwenzeka ntoni. Izinto ukuba kufuneka uqwalaselwe kwi-ucwangciso omlilo sprinkler iindlela: Uhlobo system kwaye imisebenzi umlilo ingozi Izibalo ye hydraulic ngamnye uhlobo ihleli (ingozi umlilo ukukhanya Q l min, p. Igama elithi zoluntu inxaxheba zilawula incoko kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu ubomi. Hayi kuphela phakathi non-Governmental organizations (ii-ngos) kwaye activists kwezinye loluntu, amaziko amazwe ngamazwe kwaye urhulumente Gambia ukuxoxa kwaye nokuchaza indima zoluntu, esingekhoyo uncommon kunye ulwimi kwaye inguqulelo ukuba ngamnye ufumana ezahluka-hlukileyo. Ngoko ke kangakanani le ukuqonda kwaye ukuqonda indima ngokunjalo. Bolwazi ngu bazibona ukusuka yayo constituent amazwi ngu-technology kwaye ulwazi. Oko bolwazi ufumana isiphumo oluntu engineering ukuba inkqubo yokuhambisa ulwazi ukusuka umthumeli ukuba umamkeli ngoko ke ukuba iinkonzo ezinjalo ulwazi izakuba: - ngokukhawuleza - ngokubanzi yonikezelo, kwaye - ixesha elide agciniweyo.
